| Complex Cause |
|---|
| The effect is caused by a number of objects or events, of which the cause identified is only a part. A variation of this is the feedback loop where the effect is itself a part of the cause. |
| Examples: |
| The accident was caused by the poor location of the bush. (True, but it wouldn't have occurred had the driver not been drunk and the pedestrian not been jaywalking.) |
| The Challenger explosion was caused by the cold weather. (True, however, it would not have occurred had the O-rings been properly constructed.) |
| People are in fear because of increased crime. (True, but this has lead people to break the law as a consequence of their fear, which increases crime even more.) |
| Proof: |
| Show that all of the causes, and not just the one mentioned, are required to produce the effect. |